Too many factors at play here. The overhead, power requirements (of both the enclosure and the SSD), and the file sizes transferred (and to from/which device) all affect this.
And, after all, the USB ports on a consumer router are not multipurpose, as they are on an actual PC.
They are there mostly for a check box item when doing comparison shopping.
For amtm/script usage (for example), those capabilities are more than good enough. When wanting them for NAS-type usage, you need to look further than to router, USB-attached, storage. Not only are the resources limited (CPU, RAM, hardware), but so are the kernel/SDK and other bits used to support the firmware able to be used on them.
Your choice today is to find a router/USB enclosure combination that works as well or better than what your simple HDD was capable of. Or, simply to not expect more from the hardware you have now.